Table 4 Summary of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) comparing the experimental and control groups pre-test in reading aloud errors
Source | Read. Aloud Items | SS | MS | F (1, 103) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Additions | 25.40 | 25.40 | 1.52 | 0.220 |
Deletions | 71.11 | 71.11 | 2.69 | 0.104 | |
Inversions | 10.62 | 10.62 | 0.30 | 0.585 | |
Repetitions | 13.59 | 13.59 | 1.03 | 0.313 | |
Intermittent reading | 418.44 | 418.44 | 7.82 | 0.006 | |
Grammar error | 92.87 | 92.87 | 1.68 | 0.198 | |
Morphological error | 230.63 | 230.63 | 10.17 | 0.002 | |
Erroneous stop | 3.20 | 3.20 | 0.18 | 0.674 | |
Reading aloud | 1454.15 | 1454.15 | 1.90 | 0.171 | |
Error | Additions | 1754.45 | 16.71 | ||
Deletions | 2773.43 | 26.41 | |||
Inversions | 3726.54 | 35.49 | |||
Repetitions | 1388.27 | 13.22 | |||
Intermittent reading | 5618.31 | 53.51 | |||
Grammar error | 5815.19 | 55.38 | |||
Morphological error | 2380.36 | 22.67 | |||
Erroneous stop | 1885.77 | 17.96 | |||
Reading aloud | 80189.01 | 763.71 |